Anand Murugan

Software engineering · AI research

Anand Murugan

AI-Native Builder, Engineer and Researcher

AI-Native Builder, Engineer and Researcher with more than a decade of experience building production software.

anand.murugan@gmail.com

Research and analysis

Articles

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A final reward sending selective credit backward to useful actions in a multi-step episode

Which Action Deserved the Reward? Exploring Credit Assignment in Reinforcement Learning

An experiment-by-experiment study of whether action-level feedback can improve reinforcement learning for language models.

AI research18 minRead article
A broad field of token signals passing through a narrow matrix into a compact hidden representation

Does the LM Head Create a Harmful Gradient Bottleneck? A Causal Test

A response to the LM-head bottleneck claim using backward-only rank controls, repeated-token exposure tests, and small language models.

AI research21 minRead article

Morphology-Aware Reversible Semantic Tokenization and Hierarchical Word Composition for Tamil Language Models

A technical study of reversible Tamil semantic tokenization, hierarchical word composition, and a controlled six-system translation comparison.

Language technology55 minRead article
Tamil letter ழ beside an ascending statistical bar chart

A Quantitative Overview of Modern Tamil Lexicon and Morphology

How fewer than 140,000 root lemmas and inflectional rules generate more than 2.13 billion distinct Tamil written forms.

Tamil language18 minRead article
Numbers, UUIDs, dates and codes passing through entity references to exact outputs

Treating Numbers, UUIDs, Dates and Codes as Entities in Language Models: What Worked and What Failed

Experiments with entity registers and typed references for exact values—and why choosing the right entity remained hard.

AI research23 minRead article
A solar eclipse with an amber corona and diamond-ring flare

Duality, Cause & Effect and Word & Form

An ontological exploration of duality and the fundamental relation between Word and Form.

Philosophy5 minRead article
A pink lotus floating among green lily pads

சூனியதம்

பௌத்த தத்துவத்தின் மையக் கருத்து

தத்துவம்5 minRead article

Selected work

Projects

Tamil Semantic Tokenizer

Morphology-Aware Semantic Tokenizer for Tamil based on FST models

Tamil NLPFinite-state morphologyLLM tokenization
Tamil alphabet practice game

Tamil Alphabet Practice

Adaptive two-way practice for Tamil vowels, consonants, Grantha letters, and உயிர்மெய் forms.

Next.jsAdaptive learningTamil
Tamil vocabulary practice game

Tamil Vocabulary Practice

Reading, transliteration, and meaning practice across 5,000 Tamil words.

Next.jsAdaptive learningTamil NLP
Japanese hiragana practice game

Hiragana Practice

Adaptive two-way practice matching Japanese hiragana with their romaji readings.

Next.jsAdaptive learningJapanese
Japanese vocabulary practice game

Japanese Vocabulary Practice

Reading, transliteration, and meaning practice across 5,000 Japanese words.

Next.jsAdaptive learningJapanese